A Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) is a device that modulates the spatial distribution of a light wave. It primarily uses electrical signals to modulate the optical signal — including the amplitude, phase, polarization state, and even the wavelength of the light. SLMs serve as key components in optical and optoelectronic hybrid systems, with applications in optical interconnects, optical correlation, optical computing, pattern recognition, image processing, and display technologies. Liquid crystal-based SLMs dominate the current market due to their high efficiency, low power consumption, fast response speed, and excellent modulation quality. LCoS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon) is a reflective type of SLM characterized by high reflectivity, efficient light utilization, and small pixel size (resulting in a large diffraction angle). It has been widely adopted in various related fields.

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